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Introduction to Philosophers
§ Pragmatism is the approach that assesses the truth of meaning of
theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
§ M.D.A Freeman in Lloyd’s à education on the teaching of dogma and
authoritative thoughts are not worth the name. Such as religious and political
concepts.
§ Examples of ideologies:-
ü Political ideologies
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Democrat, Republican,
Libertarian, Communism and Green Party. Green Party is where they fight for non
violence and also most importantly their agenda involves environmentalism.
Example of Green Party are the United
Tasmania Group contested for election in 1972 (Australia), Value Party (New Zealand) also about
the same time. The origin of Green Party’s name is when it was formed in
Britain. First it was from the Green
Bans who workers protested against building of site which they find would
be harmful to the environment for it reasons. In Europe, it was through the
party name PEOPLE à Ecology
Party à Green Party.
This party was also known in 3rd world countries; Wangari Maathai
won Nobel Prize in 2004 for making known this party in those countries. As for
democracy, look into countries such as Malaysia although not entirely
democratic in actual.
ü Why does it provide that jurisprudence a camouflage of
ideology?
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Because the
philosopher will first need to understand the law
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They then need
to analyse the method which is appropriate in dealing with what it is for
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It will embody
the ideologies which is based on what the philosopher thinks is correct and
according to what he believes to be better and appropriate
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It will be an
approach to the legal theory and how well the philosopher can effectively
legitimate what they have into the current state according to their
understanding and logical reasoning and this is done according to their
knowledge of the law.
-
Hence the saying
that jurisprudence is a handmaiden of the ideology may be true because
jurisprudence are ones knowledge of the law and an ideology is formed based on
one’s belief on the matter according to his knowledge in the matter.
Jurisprudence is the study
of theoretical questions about the nature of the law and legal systems, about
relationship of law to justice and about the social nature of law.
§ Philip Soper à
Problematique, how to solve a matter, a concept. Example Problematique of
obligation, so it would mean the concept behind obligation, so what is the
purpose of obligation? Why do we need to obey the law? That is the example.
ü Philip Soper à there is a need to link political theory to concept of law to legal
theory and the concept of obligation, therefore it is important to study
jurisprudence.
(Philosopher will use their political theory that
there must be a law governing, to the legal theory of what is law, to the
reason of why we need to obey law and this can be done with jurisprudence study
because as mentioned earlier jurisprudence is where the philosopher needs to
understand the law, know its current state and apply it accordingly and this is
based on how they legitimately bring in the concept of law and solve the issue
with their logical analytical reasoning).
§ Jurisprudence is connected to political philosophy,
example why should we obey the law and legal theorist considers the issue of
what is law.
§ Philo Sophia à
love of wisdom therefore philosophy.
§ Stages of philosophers (classical)
ü
Thales
à aim
to explain natural phenomena through rationale explanation. He also attempted
to explain earthquake with the hypothesis of; the Earth floats on water and
earthquakes happen when Earth rocked by waves than saying it is a supernatural
process.
ü
Socrates à
Never really written
anything on his own. It was passed down by his students; Plato and
Aristotle. He was made to drink poison
and died because his view not accepted by people in Athens because against the
believe in God and about the position of the sun. Look also into at Euthyphno –
what is considered good is not god because it is according to what God says but
useful to our efforts for better and happier people.
- Believes that
wisdom is parallel to one’s ignorance that what one does is the result of his
intelligence. He objected democracy and any other ideas not consistent to his
thought of perfect governance.
ü
Plato
à idealistic
and rationalistic, divide reality into idea and ideal. He also had the idea
that good character is a gift from God and believes in immortality of soul that
having knowledge is through recollection and not learning and this came from
divine insight.
ü
Aristotle
à Teacher of
Alexander the Great and his theories concentrated more on the universe.
ü
Thomas Acquinas
à Believes in Theologian. Don’t consider he himself a
philosopher. He believes that for knowledge of any truth whatsoever man needs
divine help and that intellect may be moved by God to this act. But believe
human also has the capability to know many things without special divine
revelation.
ü
St. Augustine
à View
that everything in the universe created simultaneously by God.
Next stage: Enlightenment and Industrial period.
ü
Machiavelli
à Believes religion is manmade and value of religion
lies in its contribution to social order and rule of morality must be included
if required. He believes in building generalization from experience and
historic facts than emphasizing the uselessness of theorizing with imagination.
ü
Hobbes
à Laying down the
doctrine of legitimate government and how it would be without government where
everyone has the right to everything which will lead to war of all against all.
ü
Spinoza
à Theory
of knowledge is rationalist on knowledge that is beyond the world of senses
perception. He puts forward what is an idea and what is falsity. Every idea
that to us is absolute/adequate/perfect = true. Falsity is where knowledge is
inadequate/mutilated or confused.
ü
John Locke
à Father of
classical liberalism, his political theory is founded on social contract
(addresses question of origins of society and legitimacy of authority of the
state over individual), believes that human nature is characterized by reason
and tolerance.
ü
Jean Jacques Rousseau à Also on social contract for legitimate political
order within framework of classical republican. He claims that state of nature
as primitive condition without law and morality bu as society developed; there
is a requirement to adopt institutions of law.
ü
Karl Marx
à Revolutionary communist. He believes in capitalism
where there is a class who controls production and another class that provides
labour for production. This concept then moved on to socialism that would give
rise to stateless, classless society which then became communism.
Twentieth Century
philosophers
ü
Betrand Russell
à anti war activist and campaigned against Adolf Hitler
and criticized Stalin. More of a liberal and socialist.
ü
Jean Paul Santre à There is no
human nature because there is no God to conceive it.
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